Banat, a fertile low-lying region extending through Hungary, Rumania,
and Yugoslavia.
Banat , region extending across W Romania, NE Serbia, and S Hungary.
The term banat originally
referred to any of several frontier provinces of Hungary and Croatia
that were ruled by bans
(governors). The Banat region is bordered on the E by Transylvania and
Walachia, on the W by the
Tisza River, on the N by the Muresul River, and on the S by the Danube.
Except for some eastern
mountains, it is primarily an agricultural area of fertile, rolling
plains. Inhabited since
prehistoric times, the Banat was occupied successively by Romans,
Goths, Gepidae, Huns, and Avars.
Slavs began to settle there in the 5th cent. and Magyars in the 9th
cent. In 1233, King Andrew II
of Hungary established the Banat of Severin, a frontier province whose
defense was entrusted to
the Knights Hospitalers. In the aftermath of the Turkish victory over
the Serbs at Kosovo (1389)
and the Turkish occupation of Serbia (1459), many Serbs emigrated to
the Banat, which itself
became a Turkish sanjak (province) around 1552. By the Treaty of
Passarowitz (1718), the Banat was
made an Austrian military frontier zone known as the Banat of
Temesvar.. Empress Maria Theresa
put the region under civilian government in 1751 and brought in
thousands of German colonists. In
1779 the Banat passed to Hungary, to which it belonged until 1918,
except for a brief period as an
Austrian crownland. Although the Allies in World War I had promised
through a secret agreement to
give the Banat to Romania, it was divided by the Treaty of Trianon
(1920) between Romania and
newly independent Yugoslavia, with the Szeged district reserved for
Hungary.
Passarowitz, Treaty of
[päsä'rOvits]
Pronunciation Key
Passarowitz, Treaty of , 1718, peace treaty signed at Pozarevac (Ger.
Passarowitz), E Serbia,
Yugoslavia. It was concluded between the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) on the
one side and Austria and
Venice on the other. In the preceding war (1714-18) the Turks had been
successful against the
Venetians in Greece and Crete but had been defeated in 1716 at
Petrovaradin by Prince Eugene of
Savoy, who in 1717 also stormed Belgrade. Eugene's victories
represented a triumph for Austria,
and the treaty reflected the military situation. Turkey lost the Banat
of Temesvar, N Serbia
(including Belgrade), N Bosnia, and Lesser Walachia to Austria. Venice
lost all its possessions in
the Peloponnesus and on Crete to Turkey, retaining only the Ionian
Islands and the Dalmatian
coast. Belgrade and Lesser Walachia were recovered again by Turkey at
the Treaty of Belgrade in
1739.
Karlowitz, Treaty of
[kär'lOvits]
Pronunciation Key
Karlowitz, Treaty of , 1699, peace treaty signed at Sremski Karlovci
(Ger. Karlowitz), N Serbia,
Yugoslavia. It was concluded between the Ottoman Empire on the one side
and Austria, Poland, and
Venice on the other. The preceding war (1683-97) had resulted in the
Ottoman defeat in 1697,
thereby forcing the Ottomans to consent to the treaty. All Hungary
(including Transylvania but not
the Banat of Temesvar), Croatia, and Slavonia were ceded to Austria by
the Ottomans. Podolia
passed to Poland, and the Peloponnesus and most of Dalmatia passed to
Venice. Russia, also at war
with the Ottomans, captured Azov in 1696 and concluded a separate peace
treaty with Turkey in
1700. The Venetian gains were lost again at the Treaty of Passarowitz
(1718). The Treaty of
Karlowitz, which crowned the successful campaign of Prince Eugene of
Savoy, marked the beginning
of the Ottoman Empire's disintegration.
Eugene of Savoy
Eugene of Savoy, 1663-1736, prince of the house of Savoy, general in
the service of the Holy Roman
Empire. Born in Paris, he was the son of Eugène, comte de Soissons of
the line of Savoy-Carignano,
and Olympe Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin. After being refused a
commission in the French army
by King Louis XIV, Eugene entered (1683) the service of Holy Roman
Emperor Leopold I against the
Ottoman Turks. He fought bravely in the relief of Vienna and then in
Hungary, where he helped in
the capture of Belgrade (1688). By 1697, Eugene had been appointed
imperial commander in Hungary,
and at Zenta he annihilated the Turkish army. Faced with opposition in
Vienna, he began to take a
more active part in political affairs. He became (1700) a member of the
emperor's privy council
and (1703) president of the imperial war council. He was the principal
imperial commander in the
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14; see Spanish Succession, War of
the). In N Italy, Eugene
was victorious over the French forces under Nicolas Catinat and the
duke of Villeroi. In 1704 he
joined the duke of Marlborough in Bavaria, and together they won the
signal victory of Blenheim.
Returning to Italy, Eugene fought (1705) an inconclusive battle at
Cassano against his cousin,
Louis Joseph de Vendôme. His invasion of Provence (1707) was a failure,
owing to the inadequacy of
his forces. In 1708, Eugene again cooperated with Marlborough in
Flanders; the victories of
Oudenarde (1708) and Malplaquet (1709) resulted. After the conclusion
(1713) of the Peace of
Utrecht (see Utrecht, Peace of) by England and France, Eugene continued
to campaign on the Rhine
against the French under Marshal Villars. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI
empowered him late in the
year to negotiate with the war-weary French at Rastatt. The Peace of
Rastatt (1714) complemented
that of Utrecht. Eugene was made governor of the Austrian Netherlands
(1715) and later imperial
vicar in Italy. He again fought (1716-18) the Turks successfully,
defeating them at Petrovaradin
(1716) and at Belgrade (1717) and making possible the Austrian triumph
marked by the Treaty of
Passarowitz (1719). In the War of the Polish Succession, Eugene was
made commander despite his
advanced age. One of the greatest commanders in modern history, Prince
Eugene was noted for his
severe character and his hatred of Louis XIV as well as for his
patronage of the arts.
Trianon, Treaty of
Trianon, Treaty of, 1920, agreement following World War I in which the
Allies disposed of
Hungarian territories. The internal chaos in Hungary that followed the
dissolution (1918) of the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy delayed the signing of a peace treaty with
the Allies of World War I
(excluding the United States and Russia, who did not sign it). The
treaty, signed on June 4, 1920,
at the Grand Trianon Palace at Versailles, France, reduced the size and
population of Hungary by
about two thirds, divesting it of virtually all areas that were not
purely Magyar. Romania
received Transylvania, part of the adjoining plain, and part of the
Banat, including Timisoara.
Czechoslovakia was confirmed in possession of Slovakia and Ruthenia.
Yugoslavia (then the kingdom
of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) obtained Croatia, Slavonia, and the
western section of the
Banat. Austria was awarded the Burgenland, but the city of Sopron and
its vicinity were returned
to Hungary after a plebiscite (1921). Thus, Hungary was deprived of
access to the sea and of some
of its most valuable natural resources. The military establishment of
the country was reduced to
an army of 35,000. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under
protest. Hungarian agitation
for revision began immediately and was supported by the majority of the
more than 3 million
Magyars transferred to Romania, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.
Although Hungary recovered part of
its lost territories in 1939-40, it lost these and was reduced to
boundaries approximating those
of 1920 by the peace treaty signed in 1947 at Paris.
Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105.
During Trajan's reign. In 87 the praetorian prefect Cornelius Fuscus
led five or six legions
across the Danube towards Banat (in Romania). The Romans were surprised
by a Dacian attack at
Tapae (near the village of Bucova, in Romania). Legion V Alaude was
crushed and Cornelius Fuscus
was killed.
NORT BANAT DISTRICT
The NORTH BANAT District expands in the northern parts of the Republic.
It encompasses the
municipalities of: Kanjiza, Senta, Ada, Coka, Novi Knezevac, and
Kikinda. It has a population of 179,783. Seat of the District is in the
city of Kikinda.
In Kikinda was founded the first Serb printing-house, in 1878, to be
followed a year later
by the opening of the first library.
This city is also reputable for its painters, including Teodor Ilic
Cesljar (13th cent.),
Nikola Aleksic (19th cent.), Djura Pecic (late 19th cent.), and Djura
Jaksic, a painter
and author.
Kikinda was the scene of the first theatrical performance, given in
German, long back
ago, in 1796.
Kikinda is the center of the Yugoslav clay building materials
production, as a seat of
the IGM DD "Toza Markovic" company, which is the oldest clay producer
in Europe.
The "Kikinda" foundry is the major Yugoslav producer and exporter of
grinders. Also the
"25 maj" factory of agricultural machines and equipment, and the
"Electron" are the
factories running production for both the local and foreign markets.
District Seat ADDRESS
23300 Kikinda, 12 Srpskih dobrovoljaca
Tel./Fax: 023- 21 008, 22 921
CENTRAL BANAT DISTRICT
The CENTRAL BANAT DISTRICT expands in the northeastern parts of Serbia.
It
encompasses the municipalities of: Novi Becej, Nova Crnja, Zitiste,
Secanj and
Zrenjanin. It has a population of 221, 253. Seat of the District is in
the city of Zrenjanin.
Here the next buildings stand out by its fine quality: the Orthodox
Church of
Assumption from 1746, the Roman-Catholic Cathedral from 1868 and the
Reformatory
Church from 1891..
Economy of Zrenjanin is diverse: industry, agriculture, forestry,
building industry, and
transport.
The leading branch is the food-processing industry, integrated under
the "Servo Mihalj"
Industrial- Agricultural Combine.
Other major representatives of the Zrenjanin economy are: the DD "ZIP"
brewery, the
DD "Luxol" chemical industry and the "Zarko Zrenjanin" furniture
factory.
District Seat ADDRESS
23000 Zrenjanin, 10 Trg slobode
Tel./Fax: 023- 36 593, 66 007
SOUTH BANAT DISTRICT
The SOUTH BANAT District expands in the eastern parts of Serbia. It
encompasses
the following municipalities: Plandiste, Opovo, Kovacica, Alibunar,
Vrsac, Bela Crkva,
Pancevo, and Kovin. It has a population of 328,428. Seat of the
District is in Pancevo.
Pancevo is distinguished for its numerous cultural institutions: the
"Veljko Vlahovic"
National Library, the Historic Archives, and the Institute for
Protection of Culture
Monuments.
The most remarkable cultural monuments of this region are: The
Vojlovica Monastery,
built in 1405, the Church of Assumption and the Church of
Transfiguration built in 1811
and the National Museum, built in 1833.
In this modern, industrial region stand out the "Pancevo" Oil Refinery,
the "Azotara" Fertilizers
Plants, and the Pancevo PETROCHEMISTRY.
District Seat ADDRESS
26 000 Pancevo, 12-4 Kralja Petra Sq
Tel./Fax: 013-45 580, 46 940
According to the census from 1991, 2.013.889 people live in Vojvodina.
Serbs, who number 1.143.723
people, represent the absolute majority. Expressed in numbers, next are
Hungarians, than Slovaks,
Croats, Montenegrins, Romanians, Ruthenian, Romanies, Macedonians and
numerically small national
communities as Ukrainians, Bunjevci, Sokci, Albanians, Jews, Germans,
Turks, Czechs and others.
POPULATION OF AP VOJVODINA ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE
Serbs 57.2%
Hungarians 16.9%
Yugoslavs 8.3%
Slovaks 3.7%
Croats 3.7%
Montenegrins 2.2%
Romanians 1.9%
Romany 1.2%
Bunjevci 1.1%
Ruthenians 0.9%
Ukrainians 0.24%
others 2.66%
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